micrococcus luteus biochemical tests

Although it's tempting to write a summary of the entire study but it . Those are extremely toxic because they are powerful oxidizing agents and destroy cellular constituents very rapidly. Three bacteria, E.coli, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Micrococcus luteus, have been grown on TSI or Triple sugar iron agar medium, which is a . They are fairly ubiquitous in the environment, and are small (0.5 to 3.5 micrometers in diameter) and non-motile. 91 988-660-2456 (Mon-Sun: 9am - 11pm IST), Want to read offline? If the agar plate is held up to a light source, you can sometimes see through the agar, as is pictured on the left. 2019). The EMB agar showed no growth or change in color, also indicating the microbe was gram positive and a non-fermenter. It has survived for at least 34,000 to 170,000 years, as assessed by 16S rRNA analysis, and possibly much longer. To identify our isolate after obtaining the pure culture, we performed many different tests. Because of their diversity, there are a variety of biochemical tests that are used by laboratories to identify the Gram-positive cocci. Intro: Microbes are everywhere, even in the most extreme environments and conditions. Required fields are marked *. The colonies are a pale, translucent yellow, and are shiny when looked at in the light. About half of the Micrococcus luteus gram stain was found to carry plasmids of about one to 100MDa in size. Cells are catalase positive, oxidase positive, and exhibit strictly aerobic metabolism. Micrococcaceae. Results: Regarding the gram stain test, my isolate was gram variable, I ensured that the strain was fresh so that the age of the culture was the same throughout the test. Micrococcus varians Micrococcus luteus Staphylococcus saprophyticus Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus mitis See answer (1) best answer. Micrococcus species are strictly aerobic Gram-positive cocci arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters, and cells range from 0.5 to 3 m in diameter. Micrococci can grow well in environments with little water or high salt concentrations, including sportswear that is made with synthetic fabrics. This would be read as K/A. Micrococci can often carry plasmids that provide the organism with useful traits. The catalase and the oxidase tests came up negative, because the catalase test did not form bubbles, and the oxidase test did not see a color change. Abstract: Gliotoxin, an epipolythiodioxopiperazine, is a fungal metabolite that causes genomic DNA degradation preferentially in certain blood cell types including T lymphocytes and macrophages. For the detection of oxidase enzyme, filter paper circular disks impregnated with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride in dimethyl sulfoxide are used. The modified oxidase reagent is prepared as tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in certified grade dimethyl sulfoxide. Micrococcus (pleural-micrococci) is free-living in the environment and also normal flora of the skin. The API test strips lack of results suggests that the I used the wrong test strip, I probably needed to use the Staph test instead of the Strep test, because the Strep test is for when Catalase is absent, but there could have been catalase present. I used the PATRIC software to perform a metagenome binning and to assign a taxonomy to the bacteria. The fluid thioglycallate test showed that the bacteria was an obligate aerobe because the growth was concentrated at the top of the tube in the pink region. 2- M. luteus 3- M.roseus Culture: - Strictly aerobic at 37C incubation (24 hr) - Grow on ordinary media Nutrient agar - Blood agar and on the Blood agar M. roseus (pink) M. luteus (white) M.varians (yellow) - On m annitol salt agar grow given r ise to rose or pink colonies except M. roseus. In the 1920s, Alexander Fleming described lysozyme as a bactericidal factor of human and other animal tissues and secretions.1 He also discovered and named a yellow bacterium, Micrococcus lysodeikticus (now M luteus), that was highly susceptible to lysozyme-mediated killing.After exploring the susceptibility of other bacteria to lysozyme, Fleming proposed that M luteus and certain other . luteus is rarely found to be responsible for infections. Micrococcus luteus (left) Alcaligenes faecalis (middle) Reduction of nitrate to nitrite to be used as a final electron acceptor/Nitrate reductase. Bharath. The PYRA, PAL, LAP, RIB, ARA, MAN, and TRE tests came up as positive. Streptococcus pneumoniae and a group of streptococci referred to as viridans (green) streptococci are examples of bacteria producing alpha-hemolysis. . Other Micrococcus isolates produce various useful products, such as long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons for lubricating oils. . The oxidase test tests to see if the microbe contains cytochrome c oxidase. The Gentamicin, Cefoperazone, Vancomycin, Tobramycin, Amikacin, Trimethoprim, and Cefazdin antibiotics showed obvious susceptibility, with most of them having enormous rings of 50 to 52 millimeters while the threshold for resistance is only 15 millimeters. These residential skin organisms are also fairly ubiquitous in the environment. The Gram stain, while it was gram variable, does not ideally match with the genetic test that resulted in Micrococcus luteus, which can be gram variable but is usually gram positive (Bonjar). Due to the thick structure of the bacterial cell wall, Gram-positive cocci retain the primary Grams stain, Crystal Violet. Micrococcus luteus ( Scanning electron micrograph ) Micrococcus luteus is a Gram-positive bacterium of the genus Micrococcus. Thank you for joining me, Karen Krisher, on this Pearl of Laboratory Medicine on Basics of Differentiation of Gram-positive Cocci.. Your email address will not be published. Krona chart of microbe shows bacterial classes thought to be present in the sample. It shows that the sample contains bacteria from the Terrabacteria group. Continuing without changing cookie settings assumes you consent to our use of cookies on this device. I grew my isolated in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) for a week to prepare for DNA extraction. Although of low virulence, the germs may become more pathogenic in patients with impaired resistance, colonizing the surface of, Difference Between Cyclic and Non Cyclic Photophosphorylation, Difference Between National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2020, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2019, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2018, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2017, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2016, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2015, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2014, CBSE Class 12 Biology Question Paper 2013, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2020, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2019, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2018, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2017, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2016, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2015, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2014, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2013, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2012, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2011, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2010, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2009, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2008, CBSE Class 10 Science Question Paper 2007, ICSE Class 10 Biology Question Paper 2020, ICSE Class 10 Biology Question Paper 2019, ICSE Class 10 Biology Question Paper 2018, Difference Between Gram positive and Gram negative Bacteria, How are Cactus Adapted to Survive in a Desert - Overview and Facts, Areolar Tissue- Overview, Characteristics, Function and Types, Synovial Fluid - Function, Definition, and Structure, Immunoglobulin - Functions, Antibodies, Differences and Types, Vallisneria Plant- Overview, Structure and Function, Natural Disasters- Overview, Structure and Function, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10. Only the Micrococcus luteus species contained cytochrome c oxidase. M. luteus has a G-C content of about 65-75 mol%. Maximum production of pigments was observed at 35C, pH 9 and at 4% (W/V) NaCl concentration. Microbes are too small to be seen by the naked eye; they can survive in conditions that many would think are unlivable like the anaerobic environment in the rumen of cows, hot springs, and cold Antarctic waters (What are microbes, 2010). Table 2: Graph of the genomic reads by taxonomic level using Korona. AACC uses cookies to ensure the best website experience. Micrococcus Luteus Oxidase Test: The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram-positive cocci possessing catalase enzymes. They can even survive in conditions that have very little of even no oxygen, using glycolysis and alternative electron acceptors to create ATP. Micrococcus species by the Taxo A Bacitracin disk test can also be differentiated from staphylococcus species. AACC.org Coagulase, which is an enzyme involved in the conversion of serum fibrinogen to fibrin, causes the clotting of plasma. The oxidase test results suggest that the microbe does not contain oxidase, despite what the metagenome binning test showed. This is in agreement with a study by Mohana et al., (2013) who reported that the carotenoid pigments had antioxidant properties of Micrococcus luteus was reported at IC50 of 4.5mg/ml, also the . M. luteus present on the human skin can transform compounds present in sweat into compounds with an unpleasant odour. These include the slide or drop catalase test, the tube method, the semiquantitative catalase for the identification of Mycobacterium, M. luteus played an important part in Flemings discovery of, A rare case of prosthetic valve endocarditis is caused by Micrococcus luteus, it is described and compared with the few cases that are reported in the literature, as well as the clinical features, microbiological profile, therapy, and prognosis of common prosthetic valve endocarditis. So far there are two genome sequences that have been done. They are usually normal flora but can be opportunistic pathogens in certain immunocompromised patients. Micrococcus luteus is found in lots of places including skin, soil, dust, water, air, mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract of humans (Wikipedia, Micrococcus luteus, 2019). The typical microscopic morphology of the Gram-positive cocci when using the Grams stain is represented in these three images. Another test I did to identify my isolate was DNA analysis, described in lab handouts 5 and 7. Some of the species of Micrococcus, such as M. luteus which is yellow in colour, and M. roseus which is red. 2. Of those only Vancomycin was closer than 50 millimeters, being 38 millimeters. The partial decomposition of the hemoglobin of the erythrocytes by a weaker hemolysin. 2014). Baird-Parker, A. c.: A classification of micrococci and staphylococci based on physiological and biochemical tests. The antibiotic resistance test showed only minor resistance to the antibiotic Oxacillin, which is likely due to a chance inheritance in the population or complete chance because of the weak strength. This microbe forms large, round colonies. The skin infections or chronic cutaneous infections that are caused can result in pruritic eruptions of the skin in some of the areas as well as scattered papule lesions with or without central ulcerations. Finally I used different antibiotic disks to check for its resistance to antibiotics, using Gentamicin, Cefoperazone, Vancomycin, Tobramycin, Amikacin, Trimethoprim, Oxacillin, and Cefazdin. In the presence of atmospheric oxygen, the oxidase enzyme reacts with the oxidase reagent and cytochrome C to form the coloured compound, indophenol indicated as blue or purplish-blue colouration on the disc after the introduction of the bacterial colony on the disc. Care must be taken when using a sample of organism acquired from a sBAP since erythrocytes also produce catalase. I isolated the DNA by lysing the cell and using the Power Sol DNA Isolation Kit to isolate the DNA from the other parts of the cell. Reaction: To test for the presence of alpha amylase, a starch hydrolysis test can be performed. Many members of the genus have been reclassified into other genera. This microbe is coccus shaped and forms in tetrads. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Built with Enlightenment Theme and WordPress. When using a fluid thyoglycollate test it resulted in the isolate being a strict aerobe, with all of the bacterium being at the top of the medium where it is oxygenic. Retrieved 22:17, April 16, 2019, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_aureus&oldid=890960280, Your email address will not be published. The family, Micrococcaceae, has been shrinking. The differentiation of the Gram-positive cocci encompasses 4 main exercises used to compare and contrast the characteristics of each family: These four tests will, as we shall see, allow for the differentiation of the families of organisms and will guide the laboratorian to other more definitive tests for the identification of the organism. In the last control, agar-agar was inoculated with 1 mL of M. luteus washed live cells and incubated for 24 h at 37 C. Gamma or no hemolysis results in no characteristic display in the vicinity of the colony. The colony took 16 days to be purified. November 27, 2021 at 9:14 AM Hi sir, why Macrococcus and Micrococcus will not ferment . The pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, is notably coagulase-positive while most other members of the family are coagulase-negative. Micrococcus is the Gram-positive cocci that are about 0.5 to 3.5 micrometres in diameter and usually, these are arranged in tetrads or in irregular clusters. Kaiju webserver metagenome binning analysis chart. M. luteus oxidizes carbohydrates to CO2 and water, and it does not produce acid from glucose as well as it does not make arginine dihydrolase or b-galactosidase. The catalase test facilitates the detection of the enzyme catalase in bacteria. Micrococcus luteus is generally harmless but can become an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised people or those with indwelling catheters. M. luteus oxidize carbohydrates to form carbon dioxide and water, and it does not produce acid from the glucose as well as it does not make arginine dihydrolase or b-galactosidase. I also grew it in a MacConkey (MAC) plate to see if it could ferment lactose and if it could grow with both crystal violet and bile salts to further confirm if it was gram negative or positive. The species Micrococcus luteus (Schroeter 1872) Cohn 1872 (Approved Lists 1980) emend. Micrococcus as the cause of infections is easy to overlook because the infections that are caused by this bacterium are rare as well as the bacterium is a natural part of the skin's bacterial flora. Micrococcus luteus biochemical test result. The laboratory assay is performed by mixing a sample of the bacterial colony with a drop(s) of hydrogen peroxide placed on a microscope slide. I then streaked the exposed swab onto a petri dish to allow the organisms to grow, incubating them at 25 degrees Celsius in a dark cabinet. Coagulase production is used as a virulence factor by the organism. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. I then transferred the pure culture into a TSB slant to preserve it, keeping it at around 3 degrees Celsius in the lab refrigerator. View Online Copy of Unknown ID Chart.xlsx from BIOL 250L at University of South Carolina. View Biochemical Tests Lab Report.docx from BIOL 240 at University of Alaska, Anchorage. Lastly, do not underestimate the variety of different genera in the four families of the Gram- positive cocci that can, under the right circumstances, move from relatively harmless saprophytes to disease-producing opportunists. They occur in pairs, tetrads or clusters but not in chains. At U.S. Micro Solutions, our microbiology laboratory is a licensed, accredited source for thorough and accurate environmental testing . The negative oxidase result conflicts with M. luteus (Public Health England). These organisms range in virulence potential from commensal organisms found on the skin and mucous membranes to pathogens associated with serious infections. I hypothesized that it would be a bacteria commonly found in the nasal cavities and likely from the aforementioned phyla, so it would likely do best living in an aerobic, humid, and warm environment. Colony pigmentation varies considerably but is usually different shades of yellow or cream-white. In the presence of atmospheric oxygen, the oxidase enzyme reacts with the oxidase reagent and cytochrome C to form the coloured compound, indophenol indicated as blue or purplish-blue colouration on the disc after the introduction of the bacterial colony on the disc. The mammalian skin that has M. luteus strain is also highly sensitive to the beta-lactam antibiotics. The sequencing of Micrococcus luteus was supported because of its major potential role in the case of bioremediation and its importance in the field of biotechnology. M. luteus is an obligate aerobe (Medical Laboratories). Micrococci have Gram-positive types of spherical cells that are ranging from about 0.5 to three micrometres in diameter and typically they appear in tetrads. In the case of a negative test, no colour change is observed. (2019, April 4). This simple-to-perform test categorizes the Gram-positive cocci as either catalase producers (+) or non-producers (-). Make a tape label writing the color dot, your name, and the name of the media. For the micrococci, susceptibility to the antimicrobial agents, bacitracin and furazolidone, as well as the modified oxidase test can be performed to distinguish this group from the staphylococci. A very important test in the categorization of the staphylococci is the coagulase test. As the microbe is gram positive this means that it has a large peptidoglycan layer and lacks a lipopolysaccharide layer. Welcome to this Pearl of Laboratory Medicine on Basics of Differentiation of Gram-positive Cocci.. Bacteria Collection: Micrococcus luteus Additional Information. The reactions of the four isolates indicated that they belonged to the species M. Zuteus (Kocur & Martinec, 1972). Micrococcus luteus has been shown to survive in oligotrophic environments for extended periods of time. The name of the genus is also called " Germanized " is written as Micrococcus. Bacillus megaterium fermented sugars but didn't grow in the anaerobic area of the butt. Wieser et al. I then repeated this three more times to further purify the isolate. SUMMARY: 1250 Gram-positive and catalase-positive cocci were isolated from bacon, pig and human skin and dust, and their morphology, physiology and biochemical characters examined. Its genome has a high G + C content. The first control consisted of plates of agar-agar to test sterility. Mannitol salt agar (MSA) is a selective, differential, and indicator medium used to isolate and identify Staphylococcus aureus from the clinical specimen. They are catalase and oxidase positive whereas urease negative. Most of the Micrococcus infections are discovered through the process of elimination along with the presence of the abundant Micrococcus tetrads in the lesions or cysts. These results might not be trustworthy. Micrococcus luteus can synthesize the iso-branched and anteiso-branched alkenes by the head-to-head condensation of fatty-acid thioesters. This can occur due to the presence of a reduced number of, Most of the Micrococcus infections are discovered through the process of elimination along with the presence of the abundant Micrococcus tetrads in the lesions or cysts. Streptococci and enterococci are observed to produce pairs and chains of cocci of varying length. (2010) What are microbes? 1. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. Label the slide with the name of the organism; Place 15 - 20 uL of the culture in the middle of the slide Other articles where Micrococcus luteus is discussed: Micrococcus: found in milk, such as M. luteus, M. varians, and M. freudenreichii, are sometimes referred to as milk micrococci and can result in spoilage of milk products. The microbiome of the nasal cavity can also change in response to environmental factors such as geographic location, and hygiene (Rawis et al. Hybridization studies show that there is no close genetic relationship between the species of Micrococcus bacteria. With this almost universal range of survivable living conditions that microbes can live in (particularly bacteria), it would be reasonable to assume that there would be at least one variety living in such a nice, wet, and aerated place as my shower drain. Culture Characteristics: Colonies are shades of yellow or red. Another set of tests that I performed were physiological tests, including testing for oxygen class with fluid thyoglycate, checking for catalase using hydrogen peroxide, checking for cytochrome c oxidase using oxidase test strips, and using an API 20 E test strip to test for various different physiological traits such as Sulphur reduction, which had 20 different tests. All pathogenic strains of S. aureus are coagulase positive whereas the nonpathogenic species (S. epidermidis for example) are coagulase negative. They are fairly small as well, usually about a millimeter in diameter and of a normal height. Micrococcus luteus, a commonly found member of the Micrococcaceae, produces round colonies which are convex (curving outward) with smooth, entire margins. The API 20 E test strip results revealed nothing about what the isolate uses as an electron acceptor because every result was negative, and that it likely only uses glucose as an energy and carbon source and oxygen as its electron acceptor. Typical colonies are often described as gray to white, moist or glistening. We were aiming to isolate a bacterium from this initial environmental sample by using repeated quadrant streaks to isolate single species colonies, therefore producing a pure culture that we could do a multitude of tests on which include Gram staining, genetic analysis and antibiotic testing along with many other tests. My goal in this experiment was to isolate, characterize and identify a bacterial colony that arose from a sample taken from my roommates nose. Many of the tests did line up with M. luteus though, such as the fluid thyoglycate test, which showed that it was an obligate aerobe. It is an aerobic exopolysaccharide producing bacteria that may be found on the skin, mouth and sometimes in the throat of mammals 13,14. When looking back at all the data, it is fairly likely that the isolate is Micrococcus luteus, especially when looking at the fluid thyoglycate test, the colony morphology, and the antibiotic susceptibility. Enterobacter aerogenes fermented the sugars but turned to the amino acids. Micrococcus was first isolated by Alexander Fleming in 1929, as Micrococcus lysodeikticus before it was known as micrococcus luetus (Ganz et al, 2002) Micrococcus is generally thought of as harmless bacterium, but there have been rare cases of Micrococcus infections in people with compromised immune systems, as occurs with HIV patients. Bassis CM, AL Tang, VB Young, and MA Pynnonen (2014). The positive catalase result lines up with M. luteus (Public Health England). The oxygen class and the gram positiveness of the microbe also matches up with that of Micrococcus luteus. The metabolic pathways required for biomass production in silico were determined based on earlier models of actinobacteria. Positive. Although the initial placement of the Gram- positive cocci into broad categories is relatively easy, further classification of some isolates can be challenging and requires a battery of tests to arrive at a definitive identification. Unlike other actinobacteria, M. luteus expresses only one resuscitation-promoting factor that is required for the emergence from dormancy and has few other dormancy-related proteins. They grow in circular, entire, convex, and creamy yellow-pigmented colonies with diameters of approximately 4 mm after 2-3 days at 37C. They are considered as normal comensal of human skin and upper respiratory tract. When a drop of peroxide is placed on catalase-producing bacteria, bubbles appear when the oxygen gas is formed. The agglutinability of the cells with antiserum containing anti-teichuronic acid antibody was examined. The catalase test tests to see if the microbe contains catalase. Biochemical 1- Catalase (+ve) 2- Coagulase (-ve) The taxonomic assignment of this microbe was micrococcus luteus because it was the only bin that PATRIC gave. Required fields are marked *. Most of these are mesophiles; some, like Micrococcus antarcticus which is found in Antarctica, are psychrophiles. The differentiation is based on the detection of oxidase enzyme. M. luteus is found in the soil, dust, water, and human skin flora. They are seldom motile and are non-sporing. The oxygen class of the microbe, obligate aerobe, matches up with the predictions I had made about it because the bacteria was originally sourced in a nostril. It is Gram-positive cocci in tetrads, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, arranged in clusters that differ from Staphylococcus in attacking sugars oxidatively which may appear in irregular clusters, groups of four or eight. Habitat Micrococcus lives in a wide range of environments such as water, soil, and the dust whereas, Staphylococcus lives in the animal body. This bacterium can also be transmitted to others due to poor hand-washing practices. The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram-positive cocci possessing catalase enzymes. 1. Micrococcus Luteus is a gram positive, non-motile, non-sporing cocci belonging to micrococcea family.